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seljuq dynasty
The Seljuq dynasty ((トルコ語:Selçuklular); ; (ペルシア語:سلجوقيان) ''Saljūqiyān'') was a Turkish〔"Turkish dynasty, also spelled ''Seljuk'', ruling military family of the Oğuz (Ghuzz) Turkic tribes that invaded southwestern Asia in the 11th century and eventually founded an empire...." (''Encyclopedia Britannica'' )〕〔"The Turkish groups of the greatest import in the history of Europe and W Asia were, however, the Seljuks and the Osmanli or Ottoman Turks, both members of the Oghuz confederations." (''Encyclopedia Columbia'' )〕〔''Saljuqs'', Andrew Peacock, ''Encyclopaedia Iranica'', (May 25, 2010). "A dynasty of Turkish origin that ruled much of Anatolia".(Encyclopedia Iranica )〕 Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually adopted Persian culture and contributed to the Turko-Persian tradition〔Grousset, Rene, ''The Empire of the Steppes'', (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 161,164; "..renewed the Seljuk attempt to found a great Turko-Persian empire in eastern Iran..", "It is to be noted that the Seljuks, those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia, did not Turkify Persia-no doubt because they did not wish to do so. On the contrary, it was they who voluntarily became Persians and who, in the manner of the great old Sassanid kings, strove to protect the Iranian populations from the plundering of Ghuzz bands and save Iranian culture from the Turkoman menace."〕〔Nishapuri, Zahir al-Din Nishapuri (2001), "The History of the Seljuq Turks from the Jami’ al-Tawarikh: An Ilkhanid Adaptation of the Saljuq-nama of Zahir al-Din Nishapuri," Partial tr. K.A. Luther, ed. C.E. Bosworth, Richmond, UK. K.A. Luther: "... the Turks were illiteratre and uncultivated when they arrived in Khurasan and had to depend on Iranian scribes, poets, jurists and theologians to man the institution of the Empire"(pg 9)〕 in the medieval West and Central Asia. The Seljuqs established both the Seljuq Empire and Sultanate of Rum, which at their total height stretched from Anatolia through Persia, and were targets of the First Crusade.
==Early history==
The Seljuqs originated from the Qynyk branch of the Oghuz Turks,〔Concise Britannica Online (Seljuq Dynasty ) article〕〔Merriam-Webster Online – Definition of (Seljuk )〕〔The History of the Seljuq Turks: From the Jami Al-Tawarikh ((LINK ))〕〔History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey – Stanford Shaw ((LINK ))〕 who in the 9th century lived on the periphery of the Muslim world, north of the Caspian and Aral seas in their Yabghu Khaganate of the Oghuz confederacy,〔Wink, Andre, ''Al Hind the Making of the Indo Islamic World,'' Brill Academic Publishers, Jan 1, 1996, ISBN 90-04-09249-8 pg.9〕 in the Kazakh Steppe of Turkestan.〔''Islam: An Illustrated History'', p. 51〕 During the 10th century, due to various events, the Oghuz had come into close contact with Muslim cities.〔
When Seljuq, the leader of the Seljuq clan, had a falling out with Yabghu, the supreme chieftain of the Oghuz, he split his clan off from the bulk of the Tokuz-Oghuz and set up camp on the west bank of the lower Syr Darya. Around 985, Seljuq converted to Islam.〔Michael Adas, ''Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History'', (Temple University Press, 2001), 99.〕 In the 11th century the Seljuqs migrated from their ancestral homelands into mainland Persia, in the province of Khurasan, where they encountered the Ghaznavid empire. In 1025, 40,000 families of Oghuz Turks migrated to area of Caucasian Albania.〔(The Caucasus & Globalization. Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies. Institute of Strategic Studies of the Caucasus. Volume 5, Issue 1-2. 2011, p.116. CA&CC Press. Sweden. )〕 The Seljuqs defeated the Ghaznavids at the battle of Nasa plains in 1035. Tughril, Chaghri, and Yabghu received the insignias of governor, grants of land, and were given the title of ''dehqan''.〔C.E. Bosworth, ''The Ghaznavids: 994-1040'', (Edinburgh University Press, 1963), 242.〕 At the battle of Dandanaqan they defeated a Ghaznavid army, and after a successful siege of Isfahan by Tughril in 1050/51,〔Tony Jaques, ''Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O'', (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007), 476.〕 they established an empire later called the Great Seljuk Empire. The Seljuqs mixed with the local population and adopted the Persian culture and language in the following decades.〔〔〔〔M.A. Amir-Moezzi, "Shahrbanu", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, ((LINK )): "... here one might bear in mind that Turco-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Seljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."〕〔F. Daftary, ''Sectarian and National Movements in Iran, Khorasan, and Trasoxania during Umayyad and Early Abbasid Times'', in ''History of Civilizations of Central Asia'', Vol 4, pt. 1; edited by M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth; UNESCO Publishing, Institute of Ismaili Studies: "... Not only did the inhabitants of Khurasan not succumb to the language of the nomadic invaders, but they imposed their own tongue on them. The region could even assimilate the Turkic Ghaznavids and Seljuks (eleventh and twelfth centuries), the Timurids (fourteenth–fifteenth centuries), and the Qajars (nineteenth–twentieth centuries) ..."〕
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